Diabetes Mellitus

What is Diabetes?

Today, millions of people in the world are troubled by the problem of diabetes. Diabetes is commonly called sugar. The amount of sugar in the blood of a diabetic patient exceeds the normal level. Insulin in the body is a hormone that converts glucose into energy. Insulin is not produced in sufficient quantity in the body of a patient suffering from diabetes.
Even if produced, insulin does not work completely due to which the cells of the body are not able to absorb sugar. And as a result, the level of sugar in the blood of the patient increases. Which is called diabetes.

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Why do we get diabetes ?

Obesity gives rise to many diseases, one of them is diabetes, so it is important for everyone not to let obesity on their body. It is important to control your obesity. Poor nutrition can lead to Type 2 diabetes, people who eat sweets made of sugar or good, junk food, fast food, cold drinks etc irregularly fall victim to this disease. Because when you eat more sweet things, the amount of glucose starts increasing in the body. Due to disturbance in the pancreas, the quantity of insulin starts to decrease, due to which there is a problem in glucose metabolism, which causes diabetes. Stress has an important role in diabetes. If you are suffering from stress then you can get this disease, so stay free from stress as much as possible. Non-physical labor, working in one place throughout the day increases the risk of diabetes. Diabetes can be hereditary, so children are more likely to complain of diabetes if their parents complain of diabetes. Smoking, drinking alcohol, and consumption of intoxicants etc also leads to diabetes.

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How Many Types of Diabetes Are There?

Let’s Start & See What Diabetes Do You Have ?

Type-1 Diabetes
Type-2 Diabetes
Pre Diabetes
Gestational Diabetes

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Why do we get Type 1 diabetes ?

Type 1 diabetes is a condition in which your pancreas does not produce insulin properly, your body needs insulin to maintain blood sugar levels. When you eat foods, the small intestine chemicals break them down into single sugars molecules called glucose. The cells of the small intestine then absorb glucose, which then passes into the bloodstream.

When the blood reaches your pancreas, the beta cells inside the pancreas detect increased levels of glucose, and the beta cells secrete insulin, which causes glucose levels in the bloodstream to decrease and your blood sugar reaches to a healthy limit.

Most cells of the body have some receptors on the surface that bind to circulating insulin. Insulin acts like a key to open the cell so that circulating glucose can enter the cell. Now body cells can utilize the glucose to produce the energy it needs to function properly. If you have type one diabetes, your pancreatic beta cells lose their ability to produce insulin, resulting in high blood sugar levels and other complications.

In type 1 diabetes, your immune system begins to mistake your pancreatic beta cells specifically for your white blood cells, foreign invaders. As a result, in an auto immune response, your white blood cells secrete auto antibodies that destroy your own beta cells.

Because of which your pancreas is unable to produce very little or no insulin. Without insulin, glucose cannot get into your cells, so they starve for the calories they should have gotten from glucose.In addition, the level of glucose in your bloodstream increases, resulting in a condition called hyperglycemia.

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What is juvenile diabetes or insulin dependent diabetes ?

Type 1 diabetes usually occurs in children and young people, so it is also called juvenile diabetes or insulin dependent diabetes.The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is not known but either type 1 diabetes is genetic or type 1 is caused by disturbances of the immune system.In which the patient’s immune system attacks to beta cells of the pancreas and destroys them. Due to which the beta cells of pancreas do not produce the required insulin. As a result, due to insulin deficiency, glucose starts increasing its volume in the blood instead of going into the cell. This condition is called hyperglycemia and as a result the body cannot convert glucose into energy and diabetes becomes Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes type 1 can occur at any age, but most children and young people get this disease.In diabetes type 1, it is not possible to treat the patient with food pills. Insulin is needed to keep diabetes type 1 under your control. Insulin is given to the patient by injection. If not given at these times, the patient is at risk of life.

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What are Symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes ?

Bed Wetting in Children
Blurred Vision
Excessive Fatigue
Excessive Thirst
Extreme Hunger.
Fruity-Smelling Breath
Increased Urination
Mood Changes and Irritability
Nausea and Vomiting
Unexplained Weight Loss
Yeast Infections

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How Type 1 Diabetes Diagnosed ?

There Are Following Test Which is used For Type 1 Diabetes

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If you're diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes then After Diagnosis what should you do ?

You should regularly visit your doctor for discussing diabetes management. During these visits, you should be checked your HbA1C levels. Your target HbA1C goal should be below 7 % , which translates to an estimated average glucose of 154 mg/dL (8.5 mmol/L).

You should be compared with repeated daily blood sugar tests, HbA1C testing better indicates how well your diabetes treatment plan is working. An elevated HbA1C level may signal the need for a change in your insulin regimen, meal plan or both.

In addition to the HbA1C test, the doctor should be taken blood sample and urine sample periodically to check your cholesterol levels, liver function ,kidney function and thyroid function,. The doctor should be also examined you to assess your blood pressure and should be checked the sites where you test your blood sugar and deliver insulin carefully.

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Treatment for type 1 diabetes includes:

Your target should be keep your blood glucose level as close to normal as possible. Daytime blood sugar levels before meals should be between 80 and 130 mg/dL (4.44 to 7.2 mmol/L). After food blood glucose levels should be no higher than 180 mg/dL (10 mmol/L). For it you should following methods.

Taking insulin in proper dose
Blood sugar monitoring
Carbohydrate, fat and protein counting
Taking healthy foods
Regular Exercise and weight management

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Type 1 Diabetes Treatment - Insulin Therapy

Type 1 diabetes patients need to take insulin to control their blood sugar levels. The goal of inject insulin is to keep your blood sugar level in a normal range as much as possible. Keeping blood glucose in check helps you stay healthy. Insulin can’t be taken by mouth. It is usually taken by injection or by using an insulin pen or an insulin pump devices.

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Types of Insulin For Type 1 Diabetes treatment

Rapid Acting Insulin

Insulin Lispro
Insulin Aspart
Insulin Glulisine

Short acting Insulin

Regular Soluble Insulin

Intermediate Acting Insulin

Insulin Zinc Suspension – Lente Insulin
Neutral Protamine Hagedorn – Isophane Insulin

Long acting Insulin

Insulin Detemir
Insulin Glargine

Glucagon Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists

Liraglutide
Exenatide

Amylin Analogue

Pramlintide

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Administration Of Insulin

Insulin can not be taken by mouth. You must inject it with a syringe, insulin pen, or insulin pump.Ask to Your doctor or diabetes educator to show you how to give yourself the injection. You can inject the insulin under the skin in many different parts of your body like:

Upper arms
Abdomen
Buttocks
Thighs

You Should not inject insulin within two inches of your belly button because your body dose not absorb it as well. You should vary the location of injections to prevent the thickening of your skin from constant insulin exposure.

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What is Insulin Pen ?

Those who are diabetic type 1 patients use insulin pen. Nowadays the insulin pen is very popular in diabetic patients.
Different brands of insulin pen are available. Two types of insulin pens are available.

Reusable pen:

It contains a replaceable insulin cartridge. Once empty, a person discards the cartridge and installs a new one easily.

Disposable pen:

It contains a prefilled insulin cartridge. After using it, the entire insulin pen unit is discorded.

Insulin Pen and devices

All star Reusable Insulin Pen
NovaPen 4 Pen
Humapen Ergo 2 Blue Pen
Lupisulin Pen
Basugine Pen
Bonmax Pth Autopen
Chill Pack Diabetic Insulin Pen
Insukool Premium Portable Insulin Cool kit
Onxneo Dia-col Insulin Cooling
Travel pouch For Diabetes
The BD Nano 4mm Pen needle
Medicool Pen Plus Case

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Insulin Side Effects

Flu Like Symptoms
Lipohypertrophy
Low Blood Sugar – Hypoglycemia
Weight Gain
Headache
Scars,lumps and Rash at Injection Site
Anaphylaxis

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Insulin Shock

Although insulin is a very unique medicine for diabetes patients, it should be used very carefully, if a patient takes too much insulin, then the blood sugar level will be reduced completely, which can endanger the life of the patient, more If insulin is taken in quantity then the following symptoms may appear in the patient

Low Blood Sugar Level
Mild Confusion
Sweating
Muscle Twitching
Excessive Yawning
Pale skin

Note – People with Type 1 Diabetes Patients are advised to carry 15-20 gm of Quick acting carbohydrates such as Glucose powder or Glucose containing Drinks.

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What is Insulin Resistance?

Man needs energy to work. Human beings get this energy from protein carbohydrates and fatty food. Everything we eat is converted into glucose and glucose enters the cell where food is converted into energy. Insulin determines the pathway for glucose to enter the cell, a hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas.

Insulin is a key that opens the cell door. If our body is low in insulin or not, then glucose cannot open the door that enters the cell, causing glucose levels in the blood to be elevated when there is not enough insulin to open the lock of the glucose in the blood. Gets collected which does not turn into energy. High levels of glucose in the blood cause serious problems in the body. This condition is called insulin resistance.

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What is Type 2 Diabetes?

Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder. Type 2 diabetes is mostly found in people aged 40 years or more. But it can happen sometimes or quickly. Type 2 diabetes occurs in two conditions.

1- To maintain sugar at normal level when insulin is not being produced in sufficient quantity.

2- Insulin is produced in sufficient quantity in the body but the body is unable to use insulin properly. This condition is called insulin resistance.People with a family history of obesity are at risk of diabetes type 2.Insulin becomes important for people who are obese and their weight is increasing abnormally to keep their sugar levels normal.

Why do we get Type 2 Diabetes ?

What are Risk Factors For Type 2 Diabetes?

Older Age 40 Years Or Above
Smoking
Sedentary Life Style
Physicalinactivity
Obesity ( BMI>30 )
High Cholesterol
High Blood pressure
Family History Of Diabetes

What are Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes ?

Diabetes is also called silent killer because very often its symptoms are not clear or not understandable and even if there is some difficulty, then the patient does not take it seriously, and by the time it is detected, the disease will be very harmful. But you do not do this, if you are feeling any of these symptoms, then check your blood sugar as soon as possible.

More hunger and more fatigue
Excessive urination and thirst
Sudden weight gain or weight loss
nausea and vomiting and dry mouth
Blurred vision
Yeast or fungal infection and itching
Wound healing, wound and swelling of gums
Tingling and numbness of hands or legs in the extremities

What health problems can people with Type 2 Diabetes develop?

The Effects of Type 2 Diabetes On Your Body

Cataracts and Glaucoma	Damaged Blood Vessels
Dry Cracked Skin	Excessive Urination
Extreme Thirst	Foot Problems
Gastroparesis – delayed gastric emptying	High Blood Pressure
Lack Of Energy & Fatigue	Loss Of Consciousness
Nerve Damage	Pancreas Malfunction
Presence Of Protein in the Urine	Risk of Heart Disease
Risk Of Infections like Yeast, Bacterial, and Fungal	Risk of stroke Sexual and Bladder problems
Sweet smelling Breath	Visual Disturbances

How Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosed ?

There Are Following Test Which is used For Diabetes

If you're diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes then After Diagnosis what should you do ?

You should regularly visit your doctor for discussing diabetes management. During these visits, you should be checked your HbA1C levels. Your target HbA1C goal should be below 7 % , which is equal to estimated average glucose of 154 mg/dL (8.5 mmol/L).

Treatment for type 2 diabetes includes:

Taking medicine in proper dose
Blood sugar monitoring
Carbohydrate, fat and protein counting
Taking healthy foods
Regular Exercise and weight management
Change Lifestyle and Make Balance Lifestyle

What Medicines do Patients Need to treat Type 2 Diabetes?

Allopathy – Antidiabetic Medicines (Oral)
Ayurveda (Oral)
Homeopathy (Oral)
Insulin Therapy (Injectable)

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Sulfonylureas

Meglitinide/Phenylalanine Analogues

Repaglinide
Nateglinide

Thiazolidinedione

Pioglitazone

Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors

Biguanide (AMP k- Activator)

Metformin

α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

SGLT-2 Inhibitors

Canagliflozin
Dapagliflozin

Dopamine D2 Agonist

Bromocriptine

When Not To Use Medicine ?

If You Have Allergy then this medicine is not prescribed for that patients which have a history of allergy to voglibose or any other inactive ingredients present in the formulation.
If You Have Digestive disorders then this medicine is not prescribed for that patients which have long-term digestive disorders due to the increased risk of conditions such as Inflammatory bowel disorder, heartburn, Gastroesophageal reflux diseases and related disorders.
If You Have Intestinal obstruction then this medicine is not prescribed for that patients which have intestinal obstruction due to the increased risk of the patient’s condition.

You Should Not Take Alcohol with Medicines

You Should Not Take Alcohol with Following Type Of Medicines Such As

Diabetes medications
Anti-anxiety and sleeping Medicines
Antibiotics
Antidepressants and mood stabilizing medicines
Coumadin
Erectile dysfunction Medicines
Blood pressure drugs
ADHD medications
OTC cold and flu treatment Medicines
Non Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs commonly Painkillers

If You Intake Alcohol With Your medicines then Alcohol can interact with medicines in different ways such as less Effectiveness of Medicines, Medicines Cause New Symptoms and make you feel more ill, Mixing alcohol and your medication can cause Toxicity and it leads to death.

Pre Diabetes

Prediabetes is that stage. In which the level of glucose is increased in the blood but not so much that it is called diabetes. But if the prediabetes is not taken seriously, then the possibility of diabetes becomes stronger. If in prediabetes stage if the patient takes this condition seriously. So he can avoid diabetes. Everyone can have problems of prediabetes. But most people are 40 years or older If your BMI is more than 25, then chances of prediabetes increase. Also, those people who do not do any manual labor, they can also become victims of prediabetes. When you go to the doctor, the doctor recommends a blood test. In which you have to have a blood test twice in a day. In which you have to have a blood test twice in a day. One without eating or drinking and the other two hours after eating.

Gestational Diabetes

Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy in women. When the woman is pregnant, the woman’s body makes extra insulin. Additional insulin is needed because the hormones in the placenta make insulin hormones less responsive to the body. Due to this, the level of sugar increases which causes gestational diabetes. The reasons for this are as follows.

During pregnancy if the age is more than 25 years.
If someone in a woman’s family had diabetes.
If a woman has a high BP problem.
Weight gain before pregnancy.
Have had an abortion before.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
If a child weighing more than 4 kg is born.
If the pregnant is overweight during pregnancy.

How to control diabetes?

After diabetes disease is detected, the patient tries home remedies to control sugar. Glucose can come down to normal levels only in prediabetes with the right lifestyle and food and home treatment. But home treatment in diabetes is not much beneficial for diabetes, only diabetes patients waste their time and the disease increases. Therefore, do not delay your doctor’s treatment as soon as diabetes disease is detected.As soon as you are diagnosed with diabetes, make a diet chart with the advice of your doctor and take your diet accordingly.

As soon as you know that you have developed diabetes, then you should take a good glucometer to monitor your glucose level.
Diabetes patient should start walking regularly for at least 30 minutes daily. In the walk, take care that there is no harm to the feet.

There is a lot of hunger in diabetes, so control your food. For this, reduce your food a little bit and control the weight.

On detection of diabetes, the doctor gives you anti-diabetic medicine or insulin injection which should be started cautiously on the advice of the doctor.
A diabetic patient should include a nutritious diet made of whole grains in his diet.

Diabetes can be controlled only by sugar control, but the disease does not end from the root. Before the symptoms of diabetes further increase. You should start therapy with your doctor as soon as possible.

Regular health checkup
Do not smoke
Make meditation
Need to get rich
Stay stress-free

What should not be eaten in diabetes?

Diabetes patients should stop taking high carbohydrate foods, including food such as potatoes and sweet potatoes.Diabetes patients have to avoid eating sweets, sweets made from sugar, syrup. Cold drinks have to be stoppedDiabetic patients should use rock salt in their diet only regularly, while white salt should be discontinued.High fat / fat dairy products like milk cream, etc. should be discontinued altogether.Junk food and fast food, samosas, fried and roasted food have to be completely closed in the market. Pastries do not even take cake and ice cream. White rice has more carbohydrate than it can be replaced by foot diabetes patients brown rice which is very effective. Diabetes patients have to take fruit juice very carefully as fruits are good source of carbohydrates which can cause problems for diabetes patients.Foods made from fine flour and fine flour, such as noodles, pizza, and all-purpose rotis, are harmful to diabetes patients.

Ayurvedic treatment of diabetes

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder. Today’s Ayurvedic treatment is very different from modern medicine. Ayurveda not only keeps the sugar level normal but also makes positive changes in the life of the patient, as a result, the patient’s body becomes healthy. Ayurveda affects the root cause of disease and along with increasing digestive power, immunity also develops.

The Charaka Samhita for Diabetes assumes that diabetes existed even before 3000 years, but it was only for the kings and the rich because their food was princely and they did not do any work, just rest. According to Acharya Charaka, there are two types of diabetes, one for the fat people and the other for the thin people. Diabetes that occurs to obese people is called gross diabetic and diabetic to thin people. This is the primary cause of gross diabetic in Charaka Samhita. Excess of greasy food and metal decay has been considered to be the main cause of chronic diabetic. In mild diabetic, the patient should be given a nutritious light meal. While in the diabetic diets, one should consume energizers, enhancers and vata destroyers.

Aloe vera	Dal chini
Amla	Methi
Vijaysar	Giloy
Java Plum	bitter gourd
Neem	Curry leaves
Sadabahar	Tulsi
Gud Mar

Disclaimer :-

Contents of diabetestouch.com are for informational purposes only and not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. If you are suffering with any medical condition, Please meet your physician or Pharmacist with your questions.

Editor - Diabetes Touch

DC Srivastava

Pharmacist ( B.Pharm ) India

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Edited By - Pharmacist DC Srivastava (B.Pharm)